SS-31
InvestigationalAlso known as: Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia
Mitochondrial & CardioprotectiveLast reviewed: April 28, 2026
A synthetic tetrapeptide that targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, specifically binding to cardiolipin — a phospholipid critical for mitochondrial function. Developed by Stealth BioTherapeutics, SS-31 has been studied for heart failure, kidney disease, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
Mechanism of Action
Concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds cardiolipin, stabilizing the electron transport chain and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Improves mitochondrial efficiency without affecting membrane potential. Reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury by protecting mitochondrial structure during oxidative stress.
Common Uses
- Mitochondrial dysfunction support
- Cardiac protection
- Kidney protection (renal ischemia)
- Age-related energy decline
- Exercise performance and recovery
Known Risks
- Limited human clinical data outside of specific disease trials
- Injection site reactions
- Phase 3 trial for heart failure (PROGRESS-HF) did not meet primary endpoint
- Long-term safety profile not established for general use
Regulatory Status
Currently in clinical trials for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and other mitochondrial diseases. Phase 3 PROGRESS-HF trial results were mixed. Not FDA-approved. Available as a research chemical. Not affected by the 2026 compounding regulatory changes.
Common Protocols
Protocol information is for educational reference only. Dosing varies significantly by individual, condition, and physician guidance. Always work with a licensed healthcare provider.
Subcutaneous injection
Typical Dose
0.25–1 mg/kg body weight
Frequency
Once daily
Cycle Length
4–8 weeks
Dosing is weight-based — unusual among peptides. Clinical trials used 0.25 mg/kg. Community protocols vary widely. Best evidence is for cardiac and renal protection contexts.
Related Compounds
Research References
This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any peptide therapy. Data is compiled from published research and regulatory sources and may not reflect the most recent developments.