Compare Peptides
Select any two compounds for a side-by-side comparison of mechanism, uses, risks, and FDA regulatory status.
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A synthetic tetrapeptide that targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, specifically binding to cardiolipin — a phospholipid critical for mitochondrial function. Developed by Stealth BioTherapeutics, SS-31 has been studied for heart failure, kidney disease, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
A coenzyme found in all living cells that plays a central role in energy metabolism and cellular repair. NAD+ levels decline significantly with age. Injectable NAD+ and its precursors (NMN, NR) have become widely used in longevity and anti-aging protocols.
Concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds cardiolipin, stabilizing the electron transport chain and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Improves mitochondrial efficiency without affecting membrane potential. Reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury by protecting mitochondrial structure during oxidative stress.
Serves as an electron carrier in cellular respiration (ATP production). Activates sirtuins (SIRT1-7), a family of proteins involved in DNA repair, inflammation regulation, and metabolic homeostasis. Also activates PARP enzymes involved in DNA damage repair.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction support
- Cardiac protection
- Kidney protection (renal ischemia)
- Age-related energy decline
- Exercise performance and recovery
- Anti-aging and longevity protocols
- Energy and cognitive enhancement
- Addiction recovery support
- Athletic performance and recovery
- Metabolic health optimization
- Limited human clinical data outside of specific disease trials
- Injection site reactions
- Phase 3 trial for heart failure (PROGRESS-HF) did not meet primary endpoint
- Long-term safety profile not established for general use
- IV infusions can cause flushing, nausea, chest tightness (usually transient)
- Oral precursors (NMN, NR) generally well-tolerated
- Long-term effects of supraphysiological dosing unknown
- Theoretical concern: NAD+ may support cancer cell metabolism
- Quality varies significantly across suppliers
Currently in clinical trials for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and other mitochondrial diseases. Phase 3 PROGRESS-HF trial results were mixed. Not FDA-approved. Available as a research chemical. Not affected by the 2026 compounding regulatory changes.
NAD+ itself is not FDA-approved as a drug. Injectable NAD+ is available through compounding pharmacies with a prescription. Oral precursors (NMN, NR) are sold as dietary supplements. Not on any FDA compounding category list — exists in a separate regulatory framework from the peptides affected by the 2026 reclassification.
This comparison is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting any peptide therapy.